A People’s History of the United States is a 1980 book written by Dr Howard Zinn, a U.S. historian and political scientist. This is a controversial book since he presented United States history through the view point of the common people, radicals, socialists, and Marxists.
A People’s History of the United States, or the free materials that accompany the book which can be easily downloaded for free from the internet, is being used in some middle and high schools in the Miami-Dade County Public School, the fourth largest school district in the United States, as well as in other middle schools and high schools and colleges and universities across the United States. It would be hard to know how many social studies teachers are using these free materials since many of them learned or were taught Zinn’s Marxist propaganda book in colleges and universities by socialist professors.
Many social studies teachers in the United States learned a negative view of our country since this was what they were taught in colleges and universities by many social studies, history, and political science professors. It is widely known that the colleges and universities are filled with radicals, socialists and Marxist professors, particularly in the social sciences. I know this fact because I taught full-time as a visiting associate professor of social studies education at the College of Education of Florida International University (FIU) for seven and a half years.
I was invited to visit Cuba free of charge in order to meet with the Marxist professors at the University of Havana by one of my Cuban American colleagues who was unaware that at the age of 17, I had invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in 1961 and was sentenced to 30 years at hard labor. Fortunately, I served only two horrible years in prison. FIU professors took students to Cuba frequently, especially Professor Carlos Alvarez.
This Cuban American professor was my friend at the College of Education at FIU. Dr. Carlos Alvarez who taught for 30 years at FIU, is currently in jail for working for the secret police in Cuba.
Of course, the United States is not a perfect country and as a nation we have made and continue to make mistakes. But look around the world to find the perfect country. Is it Russia or China? I think not.
The United States never had a large empire made up of many colonies as Japan, Russia, Britain, France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. We fought and won World War I and World War II and the only territory that we took from countries that we defeated or countries that we liberated was a piece of land to bury our soldiers. The only colony that the United States had was the Philippines which was taken from Spain in 1898. Our soldiers, Marines, and those who served in the Navy fought very hard during World War II to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese. After World War II, America gave Philippines its independence and urged its European allies to do likewise with their colonies.
There is more freedom of opportunity and upper mobility in our nation than in any other country of the world. Why is it that millions of people want to move to the United States? Immigrants want to come to the United States because of our freedom and market economy, which, unfortunately, is presently under attack by followers of Howard Zinn.
Zinn’s book has been frequently revised, with the most recent edition covering events through 2005. Reviews have been mixed. Some have called it a brilliant tool for advancing the cause of social equality by emphasizing the history of the Socialist Labor Party and socialists/Marxists such as Emma Goldman and Eugene V. Debs. Others have called the book a revisionist history containing errors and presenting a distorted Marxist view of American history.
Zinn covered the history of the Communist Party which he believed helped the poor during the Depression. Zinn explained that the Spanish-American War of 1898 was a racist and imperialistic war, a view that is radically different from the standard American history textbooks. He explained that the United States entered World War I in order to expand its foreign markets and not to make the world safe for democracy, as is taught in almost all American history textbooks.
Zinn described United States entry in World War II as being manufactured through the institutions of American society. He stated that the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 were unnecessary since the United States knew Japan was ready to surrender. Again this view is a distortion of reality as the Japanese were ready to fight to the last soldier to defend their homeland as they did in the Japanese islands across the Pacific. A conventional attack upon the main islands of Japan would have killed approximately one million American soldiers as has been indicated by Pentagon’s studies.
Zinn explained the Cold War differently from standard American history textbooks. He wrote that the United States government used the Cold War to increase control of the American people and to create a state of permanent war which permitted the creation of the military-industrial complex. The last part of Zinn´s explanation, of course, is true since we do have a military-industrial complex as described by President Dwight D Eisenhower. However, the Cold War was waged by the United States to keep the Soviet Union and China from implanting their tyrannical form of Communist regime in the world.
As a Marxist, Zinn was sympathetic to the Soviet Union, China and other communist countries such as Nicaragua, Cuba, and Venezuela. The United States defended freedom around the world during the Cold War to stop Soviet and Chinese aggression.
Zinn explained modern history by saying that the Democratic and Republican parties are essentially the same and that they are favorable to corporations rather than to the people. His anti-business mentality does not account for the improvement in the standard of living in the United States by businesses and corporations. Zinn does not explain why millions of people from all over the world want to move to the United States legally and illegally since according to Zinn the Unites States is an evil country..
Zinn argued that there will be a radical movement of rebelion involving labor unions, black radicals, Native Americans, feminists, and members of the middle class that would use strikes, civil disobedience, marches, demonstrations in order to redistribute wealth and to change the political and economic structure of the United States. He certainly supported President Obama’s desire for higher taxes and the redistribution of wealth in the United States and across the world. Zinn wanted to establish a socialist or a Communist system in the nation.
Similar to President Obama’s preacher Jeremiah Wright, Zinn explained that the al-Qaeda attack of 9/11 was not caused by hatred for the freedom and democratic institutions of the United States as President George W. Bush had indicated. Zinn believed that it was due to the United States support of Israel’s occupation of Palestinian land and American foreign policy such as stationing troops in Saudi Arabia and economic sanctions against Iraq. He discussed the war in Afghanistan but did not mention the Taliban government. This part of Zinn’s history book is completely distorted and inaccurate.
Zinn would agree with Obama’s preacher of 20 years, Jeremiah Wright’s statement that it was our fault (the chickens are coming home to roast) that we were attacked on September 11, 2001. He would also agree with Jeremiah Wright’s statement that the United States is an evil country. Wright believed in Black Liberation Theology which is an anti-capitalist and Marxist religion. Reverend Jeremiah Wright of the United Church of Christ in Chicago like to say God damn America, instead of God bless America. This is, after all, the radical damaging progressive criticism of our nation.
Reviews of A People’s History of the United States
While they were positive reviews written by leftists of Zinn’s book, prominent historians have criticized Zinn’s book. Wikipedia explained that Oscar Handlin, a professor of history at Harvard University for over 50 years who won a Pulitzer Prize for history, wrote a negative review of the book in the American Scholar.
Dr. Handlin stated the following: “Hence the deranged quality of this fairy tale, in which the incidents are made to fit the legend, no matter how intractable the evidence of American history. It may be unfair to expose to critical scrutiny a work patched together from secondary sources, many used uncritically (Jennings, Williams), others ravaged for material torn out of context (Young, Pike).
Any careful reader will perceive that Zinn is a stranger to evidence bearing upon the people about whom he purports to write. But only critics who know the sources will recognize the complex array of devices that pervert his pages… On the other hand, the book conveniently omits whatever does not fit its overriding thesis… It would be a mistake, however, to regard Zinn as merely Anti-American. Brendan Bahan once observed that whoever hated America hated mankind, and hatred of mankind is the dominant tone of Zinn’s book… He lavishes indiscriminate condemnation upon all the works of man â that is, upon civilization, a word he usually encloses in quotation marks.”
Wikipedia pointed out that Michael Kammen, a professor of American History, wrote the following in the Washington Post: “I wish that I could pronounce Zinn’s book a great success, but it is not. It is a synthesis of the radical and revisionist historiography the past decade. . . Not only does the book read like a scissors and paste-pot job, but even less attractive, so much attention to historians, historiography and historical polemic leaves precious little space for the substance of history. . . We do deserve a people’s history; but not a simpleminded history, too often of fools, knaves and Robin Hoods. We need a judicious people’s history because the people are entitled to have their history whole; not just those parts that will anger or embarrass them. . . . If that is asking for the moon, then we will cheerfully settle for balanced history.”
Georgetown University history professor Michael Kazin wrote in Dissent that Zinn is too focused on class conflict, and wrongly attributes sinister motives to the American political elite. He characterized the book as an overly simplistic narrative of elite villains and oppressed people, with no attempt to understand historical actors in the context of the time in which they lived.
Dr. Kazin wrote the following: “The ironic effect of such portraits of rulers is to rob ‘the people’ of cultural richness and variety, characteristics that might gain the respect and not just the sympathy of contemporary readers. For Zinn, ordinary Americans seem to live only to fight the rich and haughty and, inevitably, to be fooled by them.”
Professor Kazin argued that A People’s History fails to explain why the American political-economic model continues to attract millions of minorities, women, workers, and immigrants, or why the socialist and radical political movements Zinn favors have failed to gain widespread support among the American public.
A more recent criticism of A People’s History of the United States was made by Dinesh D’Souza in his book, America, Imagine a World Without Her (2014). Many socialist progressives, such as Howard Zinn, believe that capitalism is a system of organized theft of what working people have produced.
D’Souza wrote that Howard Zinn concluded in his book by stating the following: “From the founding of the nation to the present day, the government has generally legislated on behalf of the wealthy; has done the bidding of corporations in dealing with working people, and has taken the nation to war in the interest of economic expansion and political ambition.” Dinesh D’Souza pointed out in his book that Zinn has changed the existing pantheon of heroes in American history, such as the Founding Fathers, to be replaced by such figures as Seminole leader Osceola, who fought a guerrilla campaign against the United States, anarchist and socialist Emma Goldman, and Iraq war protester Cindy Sheehan.
Dinesh D’Souza wrote in America, Imagine a World Without Her (2014) that Zinn believed in global economic equality, as he put it in his book “a time when national boundaries are erased, when the riches of the world are used for everyone.” The core of the radical progressive Marxist view of America, shared by Zinn, is a moral critique of capitalism.
This Marxist point of view of America explained that America’s riches are due to theft, and as such, America is under the obligation to redistribute its wealth to the Third World nations. Similarly, America needs also redistribute the wealth among its citizens in the nation to end income inequality. President Obama constantly talks about income inequality. He wants to create more jobs and yet he is anti business, it simply will not work. President Obama has to be very careful that instead of redistributing wealth, he may be distributing misery and expanding poverty.
D’Souza wrote that Obama’s agenda will bring economic stagnation, impoverishment, indebtedness, and decline. This is the progressive case for America’s suicide. It is well to remember what Prime Minister of Great Britain Margaret Thatcher said of socialism, “socialism works well until they run out of other people’s money.” Clearly, many socialist countries of Europe and Latin America have run out of others people’s money and are close to being bankrupt with national debts that these nations can no longer sustain. In addition, many of these nations with socialist programs have increased poverty, high inflation, and high unemployment. Under President Barack Obama the United States is heading in the same direction.
President Obama does not believe in American exceptionalism. Every other president has stated that the United States is an exceptionally good nation looking back at our Declaration of Independence and Constitution and the type of nation that was founded in 1776.
Obama looks with disdain to our Founding Fathers and our Judeo-Christian values and traditions, as did Howard Zinn. Marxist radicals, like Zinn, believed in American exceptionalism of the other kind. Zinn believed that America was exceptionally evil and that America is an evil empire.
Under President Barack Obama, the United States has become a superpower in retreat. America is no longer respected by its allies or feared by its enemies. This is why the title of my recent book was, America in Decline (2014). President Obama has done this deliberately in his desire to radically restructure and bring down the country that elected him twice.
President Barack Obama’s radical and Marxist friends and associates are pushing Common Core
One of Barack Obama´s best friend and collaborator, Dr. Bill Ayers a retired professor of education from University of Chicago, is very involved in pushing his national curriculum called Common Core. Ayers and his wife Bernadine Dorn were members of the terrorist communist organization Weather Underground, which declared war on the United States during the time of the Vietnam War. This reprehensible couple planted approximately 30 bombs across the United States. Both of them and other terrorists were building a bomb in New York City to detonate at the U.S. Army base at Fort Dix, New Jersey, where soldiers were being prepared to leave for Vietnam. While the terrorists were building the bomb, it exploded and killed several of them. Under our laws, when a felony is being planned and someone dies, it is an automatic charge of first-degree murder for all those involved in planning a crime.
Ayers and Dorn were fugitives for many years. When they finally were arrested and taken to trial, they were found not guilty due a technicality. This technicality was that their conversations were illegally tapped by the federal government. Ayers´s father was a multi-millionaire from Chicago, who owned the largest utility in that city, and he hired very expensive lawyers to defend his son and daughter-in-law.
Bill Ayers was hired by the University of Chicago as a professor of education to the great shame of that higher education institution. Ayers had a long career at the University of Chicago poisoning the mind of many students who became teachers. Barack Obama began his political career in the living room of the home Bill Ayers and Bernadine Dorn. Later, Bill Ayers wrote the autobiography of Barack Obama called Dreams from my Father. Bernadine Dorn worked in the same legal firm in Chicago with Michelle Obama. The two couples live in the same neighborhood.
Barack Obama and Ayers worked closely during many years in Chicago. Both were member of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge that contributed more than $100 million to Marxist organizations such as ACORN and the very radical Gamaliel. Both of these organizations promoted radical education in the Chicago public schools. Barack Obama also worked with Bill Ayers in the Woods Fund where they channeled funds to ACORN and the radical Midwest Academy.
It is believed that Bill Ayers has visited the Obama´s White House on several occasions, as many other radicals have done, including Muslim Brotherhood jihadists, over the last five and a half years. Bill Ayers was one of three keynote speakers at a conference sponsored by the Renaissance Group dealing with the problems of poverty, diversity, and multiculturalism and the inability of white teachers to deal with these issues. The other two speakers were Secretary of Education Arne Duncan and Under Secretary of Education Martha Kanter.
Bill Ayers spent years at the University of Chicago discussing these issues with the purpose of radicalizing future teachers and encouraging them to create a revolution and overthrow the capitalist system of the United States. Bill Ayers also participated in a conference sponsored by Achieve, Inc., another organization that had received funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Why was this communist revolutionary and unrepented terrorist speaking at these conferences, one of which that was attended by the secretary and under secretary of education? Bill Ayers is a strong supporter of Common Core. Arne Duncan was the former superintendent of schools of the Chicago Public Schools and he was appointed by President Obama secretary of education to fundamentally transform the public schools of this nation.
Another radical leftist, Linda Darling-Hammond, who served as education director of Obama’s transition team in 2008, is working closely with Bill Ayers to eventually implement a radical national curriculum which would be highly critical of our country and the West, such as it is described in Howard Zinn’s book. She received a $176 million grant from the federal Race-to-the-Top funds to develop Common Core testing. In addition to these two radicals, many progressive/socialist organizations are also involved, including many organizations supported by George Soros.
All the Marxists who are presently working on the Common Core social studies standards are disciples and admirers of Howard Zinn. They want a revisionist Marxist American history so that the United States will be change to a socialist/Marxist society. They have been quite successful in their diabolical endeavor by brainwashing our young people in schools over the period of years, but specially at colleges and universities.
This is why Obama received a majority of the votes from young people in 2008 and 2012. Some have now realized that they were fooled by Obama. President Obama’s disastrous economic policies has brought a situation that has never happened in our history; and that is that over 50% of the college graduates have not found employment in the field that they studied and are now carrying an enormous debt that they are unable to repay.
Fortunately, many parents and teachers which are being supported conservative and even by some liberal organizations are fighting Common Core across the nation. Several states that signed to adopt Common Core, after being bribed with funds from the Obama administration, have now repeal it in their state legislatures. However, Governor Rick Scott and the Florida legislature have not repealed Common Core.
There is no question that Governor Scott reelection will suffer, if he doesn’t repeal it before November 2014. The governor of Florida needs to stop listening to former Governor Jeb Bush, and listen to the conservatives who supported him four years ago, which are now deeply disenchanted with him. As for Jeb Bush, he may find that conservatives will reject him massively as a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 for strongly supporting Obama’s damaging Common Core.
The new Advance Placement U.S. History Exam presents a negative view of the nation
The influence of Zinn’s A People’s History of the United States can be seen in what is happening with the College Board Advance Placement U.S. history test. In an article written by Mary Grabar entitled “The New Advance Placement U.S. History Exam: Providing Opportunities for Indoctrination,” which was published by Bear Witness Central on August 5, 2014, she explained that this new test is being widely criticized. She wrote that Jane Robbins and Larry Krieger accused the new Advance Placement test that it âinculcates a consistently negative view of the nationâs past.â They stated the following: “Units on colonial America stress the development of a ârigid racial hierarchyâ and a âstrong belief in British racial and cultural superiority.â At the same time, the new Framework ignores the United Statesâ founding principles and their influence in inspiring the spread of democracy and galvanizing the movement to abolish slavery.â
Mary Grabar pointed out that the new course assumes that conservatism is evil and backwards. The AP United States history sessions being taught by the College Board during the summer of 2014 fit right into this yearâs theme, âCrossing Borders,â highlighting the evils of the United States, in its past with slavery and segregation, and in its present in regards to âimmigrantsâ (illegal aliens). Grabar explained that “One of the AP panelists, Lawrence Charap, of the College Board, said that although there was no direct coordination, the Common Coreâs approach is being implemented in the AP and SAT exams by his boss, David Coleman, Common Coreâs architect and the new president of the College Board, which produces the AP and SAT exams.”
The new AP course will include dramatic reenactments. This may sound great but it could mean that teachers could impose their ideology on students who do not have a strong foundation in history. Many feared that these historical reenactment will deal in a large majority with negative parts of American history, such as slavery which would give why students a sense of guilt and shame.
Grabar explained that “As an example of an exercise, students would be asked to use their âhistorical thinking skillsâ to demonstrate change while comparing revolutions in France, Russia, and China, a conversation launched by asking students about prior knowledge of labor systems, Indians, servants, and racism”. Grabar stated that “No doubt there will be, at the expense of taxpayers who subsidize the indoctrination.”
Mary Grabar made the following suggestions to help stop the rewriting of United States history:
1. Contact your State Board of Education (SBOE) and urge them to pass a resolution demanding the College Board delay the implementation of the Advanced Placement U.S. History (APUSH) Curriculum Framework and rewrite the Framework to align with state history standards
2. Ask your state Department of Education (DOE) how much state tax money has been budgeted for Advanced Placement courses. Ask them what amount has been budgeted for the following:
- Teacher attendance at APUSH workshops/conferences to learn the new APUSH Framework.
- Â New APUSH textbooks.
- Â APUSH exams. If the DOE is unresponsive to your request, identify a state legislator who can ask for this information through his/her legislative research department.
3. Request face-to-face meetings with your state legislators to
- Â Educate them on the anti-American, leftist agenda of APUSH.
- Â Inform them as to how much taxpayers are paying the unelected, unaccountable College Board to usurp your stateâs standards, in contravention of American values.
- Â Ask your legislators to initiate legislation to defund APUSH. If your legislature is not in session, even pre-filing a bill can be used as a media event which will raise awareness among other legislators and voters as well.
4. Network with and educate other parents. It may be too late for students to withdraw from APUSH classes theyâve already registered for, but parents should make it known their children will not take APUSH in the future unless the course is revised to align with state standards.
5. Educate your local school board members on the new APUSH Framework (this includes attending and speaking at local board meetings).
6. Write letters-to-the-editor and/or op-ed pieces for your local newspaper.
Who was Howard Zinn?
Howard Zinnwas born on August 24, 1922Â and died on January 27, 2010. He was an American historian, author, playwright, and social activistwho taught at Boston University for 24 years. Professor Zinn also taught at Spelman College for seven years but he was fired even though he was a tenured professor for his involvement in the civil rights movement.He wrote more than 20 books. Many of his books dealt with civil rights, antiwar movements and the labor history of the nation.
During World War II, Zinn served in the Air Force as a bombardier and dropped many bombs on the enemy. Zinn questioned the justifications for military operations that inflicted massive civilian casualties during the World War II, the Vietnam War, and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. He also criticized the Gulf War.
Zinn believed that the point of view expressed in traditional history books was often limited and inaccurate. Biographer Martin Duberman stated that when he was asked directly if he was a Marxist, Zinn replied, “Yes, I’m something of a Marxist.” He was a friend of other Marxists intellectuals, such as Noam Chomsky. He was opposed to the Vietnam War and visited Hanoi, North Vietnam in January 1968.
Howard Zinn speaking at Mariboro College in February 2004
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Howard Zinn’s Socialist/Marxist ideology
Zinn described himself as “something of an anarchist, something of a socialist, and something of a Marxist.” He suggested looking at socialism in its full historical context as a popular, positive idea that got a bad name from its association with Soviet Communism.
Wikipedia explained that in 2009 in Madison, Wisconsin, Zinn said the following: “Let’s talk about socialism. I think it’s very important to bring back the idea of socialism into the national discussion to where it was at the turn of the [last] century before the Soviet Union gave it a bad name. Socialism had a good name in this country. Socialism had Eugene Debs. It had Clarence Darrow. It had Mother Jones. It had Emma Goldman. It had several million people reading socialist newspapers around the country. Socialism basically said, hey, let’s have a kinder, gentler society.
Let’s share things. Let’s have an economic system that produces things not because they’re profitable for some corporation, but produces things that people need. People should not be retreating from the word socialism because you have to go beyond capitalism.”
Zinn wanted American history to be taught exclusively from his Marxist point of view in all schools, colleges and universities in the nation. Sadly, he was partly successful. In 2008, he established the Zinn Education Project as his perverse legacy to middle and high school teachers and their students. The nonprofit organization offers classroom teachers free and low-cost teaching activities based on A People’s History and like-minded history texts.
The Zinn Education Project was launched to promote and support the use of A People’s History of the United States (and other materials) for teaching in middle and high school classrooms across the United States. With funds from an anonymous donor who had been a student of Zinn, the project began by distributing 4,000 packets to teachers in all states and territories. The project now offers teaching guides and bibliographies that can be freely downloaded.
Political activist Jane Walker who spoke to the Miami-Dade School Board members on August 6, 2014, requesting Board members to read Zinn´s book, informed me that several years ago this book was used at Carver Middle School in Miami-Dade County and is currently used in other secondary schools in this district.
FBI files
Wikipedia reported that the Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) released a file with 423 pages of information on Howard Zinnâs life and activities. The FBI opened a domestic security investigation on Zinn (FBI File # 100-360217), based on Zinnâs activities in what the agency considered to be communist front groups and informant reports indicated that Zinn was an active member of the Communist Party of the United States. Zinn denied ever being a member and said that he had participated in the activities of various organizations which might be considered Communist fronts but that his participation was motivated by his belief that in this country people had the right to believe, think, and act according to their own ideals.
Controversies
Howard Zinn Continues His Assault on America From Beyond the Grave. The most effective weapon of destruction ever leveled against the USA is not the soldier, the tank, the submarine, or even the nuclear-armed ICBM, it’s Howard Zinn.
Wikipedia pointed out that In 2008, Howard Zinn was selected as a special senior advisor to the Nicaraguan priest and Marxist Sandinista Miguel d’Escotowho was president of the United Nations General Assembly. It explained that the Associated Press (AP) stated in July 2013 that former Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels asked for assurance from his education advisors that Zinn’s works were not taught in K-12 public schools in the state. Daniels also wanted a “cleanup” of K-12 professional development courses to eliminate “propaganda and highlight (if there is any) the more useful offerings.”
Daniels expressed contempt for Zinn upon his death and said the following: “This terrible anti-American academic has finally passed away…The obits and commentaries mentioned his book, A Peopleâs History of the United States, is the âtextbook of choice in high schools and colleges around the country.â It is a truly execrable, anti-factual piece of disinformation that misstates American history on every page. Can someone assure me that it is not in use anywhere in Indiana? If it is, how do we get rid of it before more young people are force-fed a totally false version of our history?” David J. Bobb supported Daniels’ stand on Zinn by writing an opinion piece in the online Wall Street Journal, where he claimed that Zinn was not a real historian, but a Marxist-propagandist.
Conclusion
As a former middle school and high school principal, region director and region superintendent, associate superintendent for curriculum, and interim deputy superintendent of schools of the Miami-Dade County Public Schools, I would not have liked a history book such as the one written by Howard Zinn to be used in our secondary schools. The anti-American book written by Zinn is biased and it offers a distorted view of American history, as was documented by noted historians from prominent universities. The minds of our students should not be poisoned by books such as Zinn’s.
By his own admission, Howard Zinn considered himself as an anarchist, a socialist, and a somewhat Marxist. Zinn’s FBI file revealed that he participated in various organizations that were considered Communist fronts.
The socialism/Marxism that Howard Zinn advocated had brought economic stagnation, high unemployment, high inflation and near bankruptcy to the nations that have implemented this failed economic system. I do not believe that middle schools and high schools in the nation should use a toxic book written by a Marxist who advocated socialism/Marxism for our nation as well as to erase our national boundaries and redistribute the wealth of the United States around the world. This would be national suicide and the end of the United States and free world as we now know it.
A People’s History of the United States is not a history book approved by the state of Florida or the Miami-Dade County Public Schools. However, I am aware that it is being used in some middle and high schools by teachers who are instructing social studies Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate students. It is my belief that this book has no place in any middle school, high school, college or university in the United States. After all, we do not live in China, North Korea, Cuba or Venezuela!
